Whats Happening in the Milky Ways Core

Somethings happening at the heart of the Milky Way galaxy  Ã¢â‚¬â€ something intriguing and really fascinating. Whatever it is, the events theyve seen there have astronomers focused on understanding just how it works. What they learn will go a long way to helping our understanding of such black holes at the hearts of other galaxies, too.   All the activity is related to the galaxys supermassive black hole — named Sagittarius A* (or Sgr A* for short) — and it lies right at the center of our galaxy. Normally, this black hole has been pretty quiet, for a black hole. Sure, it periodically feasts on stars or gas and dust that stray into its event horizon. But, it doesnt have strong jets as other supermassive black holes do. Instead, its pretty quiet, for a supermassive black hole. Whats it Eating? Astronomers began to notice in recent years that Sgr A* is sending out chatter thats visible to x-ray telescopes. So, they began to ask, What kind of activity would cause it to suddenly wake up and start sending out emissions? and they began looking at possible causes. Sgr A* seems to produce about one bright x-ray flare every ten days or so, as picked up by long-term monitoring done by the Chandra X-ray Observatory, Swift, and XMM-Newton spacecraft (which all perform x-ray astronomy observations). Suddenly, in 2014, the black hole kicked up its messaging — producing a flare every day.   A Close Approach Starts Sgr A* Chattering What could have irritated the black hole? The uptick in x-ray flares happened soon after theclose approach to the black hole by a mysterious object astronomers named G2. They long thought G2 was an extended cloud of gas and dust in motion around the central black hole. Could it be the source of material for the black holes feeding uptick? In late 2013, it passed very close to Sgr A*. The approach didnt tear apart the cloud (which was one possible prediction of what might happen). But, the black holes gravitational pull did stretch the cloud a bit.   Whats Happening?   That posed a mystery. If G2 was a cloud, it very likely would have been stretched quite a bit by the gravitational tug it experienced. It didnt. So, what could G2 be?  Some astronomers suggest it might be a star with a dusty cocoon wrapped around it. If so, the black hole may have pulled some of that dusty cloud away.  When the material encountered the black holes event horizon, it would have been heated enough to give off x-rays, which were reflected by the clouds of gas and dust and picked up by the spacecraft.   The increased activity at Sgr A* is giving scientists another look at how the material is funneled into our galaxys supermassive black hole and what happens to it once it gets close enough to feel the gravitational pull of the black hole. They know that it is heated as it spins around, partly from friction with other materials, but also by magnetic field activity. All of that can be detected, but once the material is beyond the event horizon, its lost forever, as is any light it is emitting. At that point, its all trapped by the black hole and cant escape.  Ã‚   Also of interest in our galaxys core is the action of supernova explosions. Along with strong stellar winds from hot young stars, such activity blows bubbles through interstellar space. The solar system is moving through one such bubble, located far from the center of the galaxy, called the Local Interstellar Cloud. Bubbles such as these may help protect young planetary systems from stronger, harsher radiation for periods of time. Black Holes and Galaxies Black holes are ubiquitous throughout the galaxy, and supermassive ones exist at the hearts of most galactic cores. In recent years, astronomers have figured out that central supermassive black holes are an integral part of a galaxys evolution, affecting everything from star formation to the shape of a galaxy and its activities. Sagittarius A* is the closest supermassive black hole to us — it lies at a distance of about 26,000 light-years from the Sun. The next closest one lies at the heart of  the Andromeda Galaxy, at a distance of 2.5 million light-years. These two provide astronomers with up-close experience with such objects and help develop an understanding of how they form and how they behave in their galaxies.

Feminism Of A Post Feminist Period Essay - 1692 Words

Position paper 1. An introduction This paper will be presenting a position paper focusing on the debate whether we are living in a post-feminist period in which gender is no longer a major barrier to equity. The paper will utilise feminism theory through use of article to create an argument to support this debate. It will also incorporate some compelling case justifying the researcher’s position. †¢ Identification of the issue (background information) Post Feminism simply can be referred to as the way of moving to the next step after feminism which is an absolute need for equality of man and woman that based on gender equality. Example of this is gay and lesbian right marriage equality. As result this issue on gender binary which classify sex and gender into opposite and disconnection of both femininity and masculinity. This issue that arose in 2012 of the acceptance of the status which brought about the feminist exercise that striving to achieve real gender equality (cox 2012). It will be appropriate to discuss about feminism. The ideology of feminism believes that in the equal right of woman and man. As feminist are striving to accomplish this theory. The whole idea was established 1970s by woman right movement. According to (2000) states that â€Å" in the 1970s and 1980s person of colour and woman played the game of altering their subjectivities for the prospects of gaining acceptance in the workplace† which means it ha s being a long time woman or feminist have beenShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights And Feminist Movements995 Words   |  4 Pagesnotably so the women’s rights and feminist movements. Tremendous gains were made for women throughout the century’s span, from suffrage, to equal pay, and the availability of contraceptives. One of the most complex feminist movements of the 20th century followed the period’s most tumultuous event: World War II. 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Clean Room Activities free essay sample

Cleanrooms may be different size from small to complex multilevel structures with large serviced equipment and utilities. Cleanroom is a controlled placement where different products are manufactured. And concentration of airborne particles is controlled to specified limits. So we need to control process of killing ultrafines airborne contaminants. The contaminations are generated by people, processes, facilities, and equipment. They must be continually removed from the air. The level of air cleanliness in the room must be regulated by standards. The most frequently used standard is the ISO 14644. It is a document that establishes standard classes of air cleanliness in terms of airborne particulate levels in cleanrooms and clean zones. † A room which the concentration of airborne particles is controlled, and which is constructed and used in a manner to minimize the introduction, generation, and retention of particles inside the room and in which other relevant parameters, e. g. temperature, humidity, and pressure, are controlled as necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on Clean Room Activities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † /1/ The basic function of a cleanroom is to protect the manufactured product from contamination. In the pharmaceutical production economical survival of the manufacturer depends on the safety of the finished product. So, it is needed to know a potential source of contamination, which could include the working environment itself. Requirements of the quality of supply air have increased due to development of new high technologies in different sectors of human activities. Main operation factors which characterize air quality are temperature, humidity, pressure, and cleanness. Settings are chosen on conditions to support every individual technological process. Maximum requirements for air quality are concentration of suspension particles per unit of air capacity and maximum permissible quantity of viable microorganisms per unit of air capacity 2 Therefore, we can not use general ventilation systems in pharmaceutical cleanrooms for the permanent maintaining of these parameters. In this case we need systematic methods to create special engineering constructions. Cleanroom means a complex of technological tools for supporting set-up parameters of air quality. In this thesis I would like to analyze main applications and rules of cleanrooms in pharmaceutical industry. My purpose is study how cleanrooms should be designed and how cleanrooms can be controlled. I also will compare Russian and International requirements of similar spaces. 2. CONTAMINATION SOURCES AND REGULATING STANDARDS 2. 1 Contamination sources There are several sources of contamination such as process equipment, personnel and surfaces. Bacteria are the most important contaminant in a pharmaceutical cleanroom. Almost all of these come from the people in the room. So we need to know the number of people who are working in the rooms. As this will have a direct behavior on the quantity of air required to dilute and remove the airborne dispersion of contamination from their bodies. The efficiency of their cleanroom clothing will have an influence to the contamination dispersed by the people in the room and air quantity. Cooling load also depends on the type of clothing. The more effective the clothing is in preventing dispersion, the less exchange of air there is through the clothing fabric. Staff will feel discomfort due to high temperature and likely to require lower room temperatures. Temperature level of cleanroom ordinary is 20 °C with an RH of 40%  ± 5%. For moisture sensitive materials it is required lower RH 25%  ± 5%. Also these levels depend on geographical location, production and clothing worn. So dry bulb temperatures can vary in the range of 18 °C to 22 °C. /6/ Another significant source of particulate contamination is process equipment. Prevention by removal of particles at source should be the first objective before a 3 limitation is made for removing it once it has entered the cleanroom space. This will ensure a more cost-effective design. Coming into the cleanroom an airborne contamination from outside is an ordinary problem. That can happen if outside airborne contamination produced by badly detailed material into the cleanroom. So holes in construction should be minimized. And the room became sealed to prevent this problem. The entering of contamination can also be provided when personnel, equipment or material are distributed through badly designed airlocks and changing areas. There can be surface or air contamination. Pharmaceutical cleanroom suites consist of different cleanrooms, where are made several steps of production. Standards of environmental control increase step by step when product materials and packaging components are carried out processes into different rooms. It is continued until one reaches the moment of product filling, closing and sealing. There is required the highest quality condition. Less environmental conditions are required when a sealed product coming for labeling and inspection. Different standards of environmental control are reached by various air supply rates and the usage of unidirectional flow units or isolators at the critical areas.